Gwyneth Paltrow calls personal trainer Tracy Anderson her 'pint-sized miracle and the exercise genius of all time'. And who can blame her? After all, Tracy is. What 12 Celebrities Did to Lose Weight Fast. How Ricki Lake lost 127 pounds. Ricki Lake lost 127 pounds via a 1200 calorie daily diet and doing 4.5 mile hikes 4. The 10 Day Detox Diet Jump Start Guide Hibiscus Tea Detox The 10 Day Detox Diet Jump Start Guide How Does Apple Cider Vinegar Detox Hcg Diet Pure Colon Detox Green. Is Your BMI Lying to You? Thursday, March 8, 2012. Body mass index (BMI) is a formula for measuring optimal weight. It uses your height to adjust for your weight as. Vota por la que creas que lo será en este 2015. ![]() ![]() This free printable weight loss chart includes everything you need to keep a record of your hard work and success. The fields available will allow you to track your. Search for ticker symbols for Stocks, Mutual Funds, ETFs, Indices and Futures on Yahoo! We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing services each and every time you place an order. We write essays. Here’s a subject that’s close to my heart: secure contact forms. As I mentioned in a previous tutorial, one common use of contact forms is to help visitors. ![]() Urine - Wikipedia. Urine is a liquid by- product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans. It is expelled from the kidneys and flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder, from which it is soon excreted from the body through the urethra during urination. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by- products, many nitrogenous (rich in nitrogen), that require clearance from the bloodstream. These by- products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the primary method for excreting water- soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis. Of the many such substances that exist, the three main nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body are urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Animal urine forms part of the nitrogen cycle. In balanced ecosystems it fertilizes soil and plants, which in turn continue to support the animal population. Some animals use it to mark their territories. Human urine and human feces are collectively referred to as human waste; as sewage, they require sewage treatment in places where population density is high. Livestock urine and feces similarly require proper management if the livestock population density is high. Such management is part of ecological sanitation. ![]() Physiology. Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body. Duration. Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of mammal species found that 9 larger species urinated for 2. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2. L/day), oliguria when < 4. L are produced, and anuria one of < 1. L per day. Constituents. About 9. 1- 9. 6% of urine consists of water. Organic matter makes up between 6. Urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 5. On an elemental level, human urine contains 6. L carbon, 8. 1. 2 g/L nitrogen, 8. L oxygen, and 1. 5. L hydrogen. The exact proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health. A medieval chart showing the medical implications of different urine color. Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells. Colorless urine indicates over- hydration, generally preferable to dehydration (though it can remove essential salts from the body). Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over- hydration. Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration. Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream. Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine. Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions. Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome. Black or dark- colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma or non- melanin acute intermittent porphyria. Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets. Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus or foods or beverages with green dyes. Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia). Blue urine can be caused by the ingestion of methylene blue (e. Blue urine stains can be caused by blue diaper syndrome. Purple urine may be due to purple urine bag syndrome. Dark urine due to low fluid intake. Pinkish urine due to consumption of beetroots. Green urine during long term infusion of the sedative propofol. Odor. The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as kidney stones. Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. After suitable processing it is possible to extract potable water from urine. Possible pathogens in urine. It is commonly believed that urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic. Gram negative rods and cocci. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d. AD, mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire. The name uroscopy refers to any visual examination of the urine, including microscopy, although it often refers to the aforementioned prescientific or protoscientific forms of urine examination. Clinical urine tests today duly note the gross color, turbidity, and odor of urine but also include urinalysis, which chemically analyzes the urine and quantifies its constituents. A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected, as bacteria in the urine are unusual otherwise. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis. The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when diuretics or excessive amounts of alcohol. Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. The exact composition of nutrients in urine varies with diet, in particular nitrogen content in urine is related to quantity of protein in the diet. A high protein diet results in high urea levels in urine. Urine is very high in nitrogen (can be over 1. Urine typically contains 7. If urine is to be separated and collected for use as a fertiliser in agriculture, then the easiest method of doing so is with sanitation systems that utilise waterless urinals, urine- diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) or urine diversion flush toilets. For this reason, urine fertilizer is usually applied diluted with water. When diluted with water (at a 1: 5 ratio for container- grown annual crops with fresh growing medium each season or a 1: 8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. In pre- industrial times urine was used – in the form of lant or aged urine – as a cleaning fluid. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting salts were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder. These guides explain that drinking urine tends to worsen rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations where other sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body. During World War I the Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases for use during war. After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and use of poison gas in World War I). This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including in the Friends episode . However, at best it is ineffective, and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse. In the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the process of . In urine diversion systems, toilets divert the urine away from the sewerage route that it would otherwise take; instead, it flows into containers for pickup. Such businesses exist in some places where extensive sewerage systems do not. They are rare in places where nitrogenous wastes can instead be collected at sewage treatment or wastewater treatment plants. History. Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of . On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter . Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the . The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter . Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 7. Ancient Romans used fermented human urine (in the form of lant) to cleanse grease stains from clothing. The Latin saying Pecunia non olet (money doesn't smell) is attributed to Vespasian – said to have been his reply to a complaint from his son about the unpleasant nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene).
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